A vast number of vases of complex techniques suffered internal cracks or risked destruction if further anticipated work was carried out. If any of these ‘wounded warriors’ or unfinished essays were considered by Galle to be fine enough, then they were duly signed with the addition of the word ‘Etude’ (Study). This indicated their imperfect state, but also that they had been considered sufficiently worthy to be distributed and not merely scrapped. They are frequently very beautiful.